Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a peptide with immunomodulatory properties that has been studied in various clinical settings. This article aims to review and discuss selected case studies involving Thymosin Alpha-1, shedding light on its therapeutic potential in different medical conditions.

1. Chronic Hepatitis B : A case study published in the Journal of Viral Hepatitis reported the use of Thymosin Alpha-1 in a patient with chronic hepatitis B. The patient, who had previously failed to respond to antiviral therapy, received Thymosin Alpha-1 as an adjunctive treatment. After three months of Thymosin Alpha-1 administration, the patient exhibited a significant reduction in viral load and liver enzymes, indicating improved liver function. These findings suggest that Thymosin Alpha-1 may enhance the antiviral response and have a positive impact on liver health in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
2. Hepatocellular Carcinoma : A case report published in the World Journal of Hepatology described the use of Thymosin Alpha-1 in a patient with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The patient, who had exhausted other treatment options, received Thymosin Alpha-1 in combination with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). The treatment resulted in a significant reduction in tumor size and improved liver function. The patient’s overall survival was prolonged, and the combination therapy was well-tolerated. This case suggests that Thymosin Alpha-1, in conjunction with other treatment modalities, may have a beneficial effect on tumor regression and patient outcomes in advanced HCC.
3. Immune Disorders : A case series published in Clinical Immunology described the use of Thymosin Alpha-1 in patients with various immune disorders, including common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) and specific antibody deficiency (SAD). The patients, who experienced recurrent infections despite standard treatment, received Thymosin Alpha-1 as an adjunctive therapy. After several months of treatment, the patients exhibited improved immune function, with reduced frequency and severity of infections. Thymosin Alpha-1 was well-tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported. These case studies suggest that Thymosin Alpha-1 may help restore immune system function in individuals with immune disorders, potentially reducing the burden of infections.
4. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome : A case study published in the Journal of Clinical Immunology investigated the use of Thymosin Alpha-1 in a patient with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). The patient, who experienced severe fatigue and impaired immune function, received Thymosin Alpha-1 as a therapeutic intervention. After several weeks of treatment, the patient reported a significant improvement in fatigue levels and quality of life. Immune function markers also showed improvement, indicating a potential role of Thymosin Alpha-1 in modulating immune dysregulation associated with CFS. This case study suggests that Thymosin Alpha-1 may offer benefits in alleviating fatigue and improving immune function in individuals with CFS.
5. Chronic Viral Infections : A case series published in Immunotherapy reported the use of Thymosin Alpha-1 in patients with chronic viral infections, including hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The patients received Thymosin Alpha-1 as an adjunctive therapy alongside standard antiviral treatments.